The U.S. Senate has confirmed President Donald Trump’s first nominee to the Boston-based 1st U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, marking a significant political and judicial milestone for the administration. In a 52–46 vote divided largely along party lines, senators approved Joshua Dunlap, a conservative attorney from Maine, to the prestigious lifetime position. The confirmation gives Trump his first opportunity to influence the federal appellate court overseeing New England, a region historically viewed as one of the nation’s most liberal judicial territories. This development represents a major shift in the composition of the court, which has long been dominated by Democratic appointees.

Before Dunlap’s appointment, the 1st Circuit was the only one among the 13 federal appeals courts without a judge appointed by a Republican president. For years, this distinction made the court a favorable venue for legal challenges to Trump-era policies during his first administration. With Dunlap’s confirmation, the ideological balance of the court begins to tilt, reflecting Trump’s ongoing strategy of reshaping the judiciary to reflect conservative values and constitutional originalism. The decision underscores how judicial appointments remain a cornerstone of Trump’s second-term agenda, ensuring that his influence extends well beyond the executive branch and deep into the federal court system.

The vacancy on the 1st Circuit arose when Judge William Kayatta, an Obama appointee, took senior status in late 2024. Although President Biden had nominated Julia Lipez to fill the position, her confirmation stalled before the end of his presidency, leaving the seat open for Trump to fill after returning to office in 2025. Trump moved quickly to select Dunlap in July, describing him as a “constitutional conservative committed to the rule of law.” This nomination reflects Trump’s broader effort to consolidate a conservative majority across the appellate courts, continuing a judicial transformation that began during his first term, when he appointed over 200 federal judges.

Joshua Dunlap’s background and career provide insight into why he appealed to the Trump administration and Senate Republicans. A partner at the Maine law firm Pierce Atwood, Dunlap earned his undergraduate degree from Pensacola Christian College and his law degree from Notre Dame Law School. He also interned with a conservative legal advocacy group and has built a reputation for litigating cases involving state constitutional and election law issues. Among his notable work are legal challenges to Maine’s ranked-choice voting system, the state’s family leave laws, and campaign finance regulations. His confirmation hearing drew both praise from conservatives, who view him as a principled defender of limited government, and criticism from Democrats, who expressed concern over his ideological leanings and prior litigation positions.

In addition to Dunlap’s confirmation, the Senate also approved another Trump nominee, Eric Tung, to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The 52–45 vote represented a similarly close partisan split, with all Republicans and a few independents supporting the nomination. Tung’s appointment narrows the Democratic majority on the 9th Circuit, historically one of the most liberal courts in the nation. Before his nomination, Tung worked as a federal prosecutor and as a partner at Jones Day, a law firm closely aligned with conservative judicial causes. He previously clerked for Supreme Court Justices Neil Gorsuch and Antonin Scalia, signaling his strong adherence to textualist and originalist judicial philosophies.

Together, these confirmations reflect a continuation of President Trump’s long-term strategy to reshape the federal judiciary through appointments of young, ideologically conservative judges. By filling lifetime positions on influential appellate courts, Trump strengthens the conservative presence across the federal legal system—an influence likely to endure for decades. The appointments also highlight the growing political polarization surrounding the judicial confirmation process, with Senate votes closely divided along party lines. As Trump continues his second term, his administration’s judicial strategy underscores a defining legacy: the transformation of the federal courts into a powerful extension of conservative legal thought, ensuring that his policy priorities are reflected not only in lawmaking but also in the interpretation and enforcement of the law itself.